Compare and contrast two artworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Compare and contrast two artworks - Essay Example More than rationale and thought of the artwork, romanticism gives focus and concentration on the storytelling and the mood behind every art piece (Romanticism para 3). Having said these facts, an individual usually and commonly thinks of romanticism as a style having overflowing sensibilities and personalities rather than a style possessing only a distinct taste which could make it a stand-out as compared to other art forms. As matter of fact, artists cultivating the romantic style do not share a special and discrete form of approaches in order to come up with a finished product. What is so special with romantic artists is their excellent use of their individualistic differences and understandings to promote a piece of art. In the minimum, romantic artists are linked by individualism as well as of freedom of expression. These characteristics, in many ways, break the convention set by the contemporary art. On one hand, Venetian Renaissance artworks as compared to romanticist art forms do not even concern feelings and intimacy but are more focused with politics and religion in the entirety. Venetian Renaissance is characterized mainly by rich colors and textures which symbolizes excellent and good changing economic stability and trade. In its deepest meaning, the artworks during the Venetian Renaissance era talks and depicts more about secularization and anti-religiosity. Also, base from a number of reasons which involve wealth, abundance, success, prosperity and affluence, the Venetian art focuses more of its understanding towards earthly pleasures, jovial way of living and myths (Kleiner 485). For this paper, I have decided to look with Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres’ Grand Odalisque painted in 1814 using the romantic art style. Also, I would be examining Titian’s Venus of Urbino painted in 1538 during when the Venetian Renaissance art style flourishes at its finest all throughout Europe. I have decided to examine these two classic works since they both depict and project a seemingly similar understanding and comprehension about women and the characteristics associated with the female race but in a totally different viewpoint and perspective. As can be seen in the Grand Odalisque by Ingres, the woman is depicted and portrayed as a passive element of resistance. As part of the intrigue in the artwork, you can see that there is something passionate and striking about the artwork’s personification and over-all impact. Seeing through the woman’s eyes, you can sense no fear about what is all happening in the background. In fact, the woman is so calm and very comfortable being nude and showing off with no clothes. Having said those facts, I believe that the portrayal and depiction of the whole artwork is so magnificent and extraordinary that it can efficiently talk across with the observer. It is very consistent in the narrative that it wants to translate, this is since it has been very effective in telling a story ab out an odalisque, which in common terms pertain to a concubine or a prostitute, having no choice to become anyone else but to be slaves for manly pleasure and sex. As stated above, the main character is an odalisque. And that fact is so important in order to understand more the nature of the art piece before being able to identify how similar and different it is to other artworks. Why so? Mainly because, the nature of the odalisque says it all what should the

Empiricism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Empiricism - Essay Example We should reject knowledge claims concerning matters of fact about the nature of the world which are not supportable by the evidence of experience. This leads to a tendency among empiricists to emphasize that the limit of human knowledge and imagination is bounded by the limit of our experience. Empiricists reject the rationalist claim that it is possible to come to know by a priori reason alone the nature of an intelligible real world inaccessible to experience that stands beyond appearances. The empiricist may argue that concepts (such as substance), and the terms that express them, are meaningless or else must relate to some possible experience, since concepts and terms get their meaning by reference to some possible experience, but a world beyond experience cannot be a world that might possibly be experienced; in either case it is not possible to use meaningful concepts to talk of a world beyond possible experiences. The tendency in empiricism is also to deny the existence of natural necessity: necessity is a property only of logical relations between concepts, or of logical relations between ideas or thoughts, not between things or events in the world whose existence, nature and connections are all contingent; such natural contingent connections can be discovered not by reason, which can establish only necessary truths and necessary connections, but only by experience. Empiricism is inclined to argue that there are two exclusive and together exhaustive types of proposition. (a) Propositions whose truth, logically speaking, can be known merely by understanding them, or by deductive reasoning alone, independently of the evidence of experience: truths of reason. (b) Propositions whose truth, logically speaking, cannot be known merely by understanding them, or by deductive reasoning alone, but which depend on the evidence of experience: truths of fact. All propositions which tell us anything about the real or actual world are truths of fact. Propositions stating matters of fact cannot be known to be true merely by our understanding them, or by our deducing them from other propositions known to be true by the understanding alone; if we can know them to be true at all, they must be known through consulting experience. It should be noted that the distinction is not the genetic one of how we come to have, acquire, or understand these different sorts of proposition, but a logical question concerning on what, once acquired or understood, the truth or falsity of a proposition depends, and on what knowledge of the truth or falsity of a proposition depends. If the truth or falsity of a proposition depends only on the meaning of the terms in it, then it is an a priori proposition whose truth or falsity can be known a priori by reason alone independently of empirical evidence. If the truth or falsity of a proposition does not depend only on t he meaning of the terms in it, then it is an a posteriori proposition whose truth or falsity can only be known a posteriori by empirical evidence, not by reason alone. (Frederick Copleston, 1964, 54) The basic contrast between rationalism and empiricism is an argument about the extent and nature of what truths it is logically possible to know a priori by the understanding independently of experience, by intellectual intuition

Organizational Structure Of P And G

Organizational Structure Of P And G Organizational structure refers to a framework around which group is organized with clearly defined set of duties and responsibilities. With an organizational structure, everyone knows what to do, and who is responsible for which specific task. Organizational structure helps to work in a better way. (Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012)More formally, organizational structure is hierarchy of people and positions within organization. It is also represented as character or organization, its values and beliefs. there are many types of organizational structures and an organization follow one of these structures at one time, (Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012) but is any exceptional case there may exists a structure different from that is adopted by that organization as whole. In this paper we will analyze different organizational structure in general and structure of Procter Gamble in particular in order has better understanding. Proctor Gamble is an American multinational. The headquarters of company are in down town Cincinnati, Ohio. The company offers a great range to consumer goods around the globe. Due to its expanded operations, PG is greatest producer of America in household products. It has almost 250 brands in categories including, beauty care, paper goods, laundry cleaning, food and beverages, health care and feminine care etc. Head Shoulder, Ariel and Pantene are most famous brands around the globe. Almost half of total revenues of P7G come from its top and well known brands. PG strive to achieve its mission to provide every day better life to its worthy customers around the globe through supply of high quality products and services. PG has 127,000 employees in almost 80 countries worldwide. PGà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s products are sold primarily through grocery stores drug stores, membership club stores and mass merchandise. PG is a publically owned company, listed on Paris and New York exchanges. Organizational Structure of PG: http://htmlimg2.scribdassets.com/6f9lu51w74xss1f/images/4-11c44118ed.jpg Organizational structure of Procter Gamble comprises of two Global Business Units, beauty and glooming and household care. These two Global Business Units are responsible for developing strategies for brands of PG. the main focus of these GBUs is common customer. Needs of common customers are identified through these global business units to develop, and upgrade products and services, and include innovative features in brands of PG. Initially PG had seven business units, there was a president to leads each Global business unit(Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012) and each Business unit was completely responsible for profitability of related products and performance was measured and benchmarked against competitors of focused product category. The current structure of PG is four dimensions, front back hybrid matrix structure. There is a top leader, a coordination council, which is responsible for defining priorities and solve disputes, subordinates and matrix leaders, with need to balance and coordinate four influences structure. Global operations of Procter Gamble comprised of its MDO (Market Development organization). It is responsible of develop market entry programs for PG at local level. (Dodgson et al. 2006)Market development programs include country specific programs, trade channels and retail customers. Procter Gamble has organized MDOs along five organizational units that are situated in Latin America, North America, Western Europe, Eastern and central Europe and Asia. Procter Gamble defines North America, Western Europe and Japan as developed markets and Latin America, CEEMA, Greater china and AAIK as developing markets. Global business services part of Procter Gambleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s structure assists the working of global business units in an effective manner. it provides processes, technology, standard data tools, make MDO and GBUs enable to understand business in better way and to better serve customers. Global business services organization of Procter Gamble has responsibility of providing world class solutions at lower cost, and minimum investment. The last component of organizational structure of PG is corporate function. This function is responsible for providing portfolio analysis, (Dodgson et al. 2006) company level strategy, human resources, external relations, treasurer, and corporate accounts, legal and centralized functional report. Analysis of organizations structure of PG reveals that it offers global scale benefits to PG, it makes it possible the local focus to be relevant to its customers in different countries, probably 180 countries around the globe. Organizational structure is present at PG as its better capability to grow; corporate structure of PG is based on a framework that enables it to strike the benefits of an international organization with efficiency and speed. PGà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s global operations always keep it in touch with its local communities. Moreover, efficient governance practices (Child,1972)help to ensure that PG conducts its operations with high standards and consistent quality improvements. PG has been utilizing this structure for more than on decade, the structure has been very helpful as it has doubled the capacity to innovate and more than $900 million for company have developed a unique partnership model allowing us to combine our best with the industryà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s best. Other types of organizational structures: Functional structure: An organization with functional structure, divides its business operations and activities into different functions. There are different departments that are specifically deal with these specific functions such as marketing, production, sales and promotion, finance, Research and development etc. In functional structure, there are well defined responsibilities and guideline to follow that helps these departments to carry their functions efficiently and effectively. Career path of organization is also Cleary defined. (Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012)As in functional structure, tasks are segregated on the basis of specialization; there is great opportunity for individuals to excel in their respective field. For instance, if any person has specialization in Marketing, he will be part of marketing department, where he will get chance to excel in hid marketing skills while bringing improved marketing efforts for the company and contributing in its profits. In such type of organizational structure, there is chance of conflict between departments. for instance, if sales ratio is not going good, marketing and sales department may blame production department for inefficient design of product that customer do not want to purchase despite of efforts of marketing department. Divisional structure: Divisional structure also called product structure. An organization that adopts divisional structure, divides it basic functions such as marketing, finance, sales, RD, production and design into distinct, self contained units that are efficient enough to perform all basic functions(Child,1972) related to given task. Organizations with divisional structure are autonomous in nature and self contained. These organizations are more responsive as compare to other organizational structures (Muscarella Vetsuypens, 2012)as they can quickly respond to changing business environment. General Motors Company has also adopted the divisional structure. GM has separate divisions of its different products such as locomotives, SUVs and Sedans etc. each division is can perfectly perform all basic and advanced activities relating to its function. Conclusion: Different organizations adopt different organizational structures. Every organization selects structure that suits its scale and type of business. Procter Gamble has adopted hybrid matrix structure that suits its global nature best. It has applied this structure so successfully that it is able to have it as its competitive advantage. As PG is an international fortune with its business operations worldwide, unique organizational structure offers it benefits on global scale. The structure also provides local focus to be relevant for its customers in more than 180 countries around the globe. The structure of PG is also easy to understand and carry no ambiguities; it defines role and responsibilities clearly and in precise manner and encourages innovation and creativity.

Maya Angelou :: Biography Biographies Essays

Maya Angelou "I had decided that St. Louis was a foreign country. In my mind I had only stayed there for a few weeks. As quickly as I understood that I had not reached my home, I sneaked away to Robin's Hood's Forest and the caves of Alley Oop where all reality was unreal and even that changed my day. I carried the same shield that I had used in Stamps: 'I didn't come to stay.'" In Maya Angelou's autobiographical novel, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings", tender-hearted Marguerite Johnson, renamed Maya by her refined brother Bailey, discovers all of the splendors and agonies of growing up in a prejudiced, early twentieth century America. Rotating between the slow country life of Stamps, Arkansas and the fast-pace societies in St. Louis, Missouri and San Francisco, California taught Maya several random aspects of life while showing her segregated America from coast to coast. When Maya was three years old, her beautiful and successful mother sent her and Bailey from California to Stamps to stay in the care of their grandmother, Mrs. Annie Henderson. Soon thought of as their real mother, "Momma" raised her grandchildren with the strict Southern principles such as, "wash your feet before you go to bed; always pray to the savior and you shall be forgiven; chores and school come before play; and help those in need and you shall be helped yourself." Bearing those basic principles, Maya and Bailey grew older and wiser in Stamps, each year watching the Negro cotton-pickers come and go with the burdens and homage comparable to no white person in the county. However, one day their father rode extravagantly into Stamps and called for his children to return home with him to St. Louis. Bailey, an adventurer eager to leave the quaint, simple family life in Arkansas, agreed immediately, but "tender-hearted" Maya was frightened by the idea of big cities and strange people. In St. Louis, where she was presented an entirely different lifestyle, Maya experienced harrowing moments that caused her yearning for the quiet safety of Stamps. Her "Mother Dear's" boyfriend, Mr. Freeman, sexually abused her twice, and when she testified in court against him, the "important connections" her mother had to the gangsters in St. Louis beat Mr. Freeman to death to disburden the shame from the family. In court, Maya lied, saying that he only touched her once, and the guilt of lying to her closest friend, her brother Bailey, cause Maya to mute herself.

Company’s constitution Essay

QUESTION 1 Issue: the issue about company’s constitution and whether the loan contract between ABC bank and Sambal Pty Ltd is invalid. State the law: Section 140 of the corporations act states that: â€Å"A company’s constitution (if any) and any replaceable rules that apple to the company have effect as a contract: (a) Between the company and each member; and  (b) Between the company and each director and company secretary; and (c) Between a member and each other member; Apply the law: According to section 140, a company’s constitution is only an internal governance rule, it cannot be enforced by outsider and also cannot be used and act between a company member and an outsider (Corporation Act, 2001). In this case, Sambal Pty Ltd has a constitution, which restricts the amount of money the company can borrow at any one time to $10m. So, as a director of Sambal Pty Ltd, both Jim and Peter require compliance with this internal governance rules (maximum borrow $10m at one time), however, the directors who had been authorised by the board had borrowed an extra $2m loan from ABC Bank this time. Well, at the same time, section 140 is important in determine that the consequences of a failure, by some person who is bound by them, to comply with the internal governance rules. This means the liability should be undertook by the directors. State the law: Section 125(1): if a company has a constitution, it may contain an express restriction on, or a prohibition of, the company’s exercise of any of its powers. The exercise of any of its powers, the exercise of a power by the company is not invalid. 125 (2): if a company has a constitution, it may set out the company’s object. An act of the company is not invalid merely because it is contrary to or beyond any objects in the company’s constitution. Section 126(1): a company’s power to make, vary, ratify or discharge a contract may be exercised by an individual acting with the  company’s express or implied authority and on behalf of the company. The power may be exercised without using a common seal. Apply the law: Companies that act outside their capacity are said to have acted â€Å"ultra vires†. According to section 125, company’s exercise goes beyond to a company’s constitution will not invalid. That means, although the company’s action goes beyond the constitution, the action will still valid. So, the $2m loan contract between ABC bank and Jim and Peter will still valid. The company should pay the interest that related to $2m loan (Corporation Act, 2001). Moreover, the person who breaches the company’s constitution may be liable for damages (if any) to other shareholders. In this case, the two directors Jim and Peter should be responsibility to their act and bear the damages to other shareholders (Corporation Act, 2001). Conclusion: In this case, ABC bank do not have any liability. Sambal should give interest for the $2m loan to ABC bank, and asks the two directors to bear all the damages of company’s other shareholders. Question 2 (1) Issue In this case, the shareholders of Rich Pty Ltd haven’t been paid a dividend related to their shares for 3 years. Susan who owns 25% shares of the company is one of them. She is convinced that she deserves better and yet, given no reasons, the board of directors refuse to pay a distribution of the company’s profit attached to her shares. Hence, the issue is whether or not the board’s refusal is in breach of duty. If so, what would be Susan’s remedy? (2) Law The laws applied in this case are: a. The oppression remedy: Pt 2F.1 b. An injunction to prevent a contravention of the Corporations Act: s1324 S 232 of the Pt 2F.1 allows the court to provide a remedy to a member where the court finds that: the conduct of the company’s affairs, or  an actual or proposed act or omission by or on behalf of the company, or a resolution, or a proposed resolution, of members or a class of members of the company Is either: contrary to the interests of the members as a whole, or  oppressive to, unfairly prejudicial to, or unfairly discriminatory against, a member or members whether in that capacity or in any other capacity. S1324(2) states that where a person has refused or failed, is refusing or failing, or is proposing to refuse or fail, to do an act or thing that the person is required by this Act to do, the Court may, on the application of: ASIC; or  any person whose interests have been, are or would be affected by the refusal or failure to do that act or thing; grant an injunction, on such terms as the Court thinks appropriate, requiring the first mentioned person to do that act or thing. (3) Application The board of Rich Pty Ltd has committed oppressive conduct, specifically, unfairly restricting dividends. In this case, the directors refuse to give reasons or explanations of failing to pay dividends. By paying no dividends to the shareholders, the directors can possibly benefit their own interests such as paying them excessive remuneration out of the profits that should be paid as dividends that constitutes oppression. Under s232 of the Corporations Act, remedies where there is oppression allows Susan to seek her rights by an order held by the court to regulate the conduct of the affairs of the company in the future. For example, remove several directors and appoint new directors. Furthermore, according to s1324, the court can grant an injunction to any person who has breached the Corporations Act. One of the directors’ duties is to act in the interest of the company. To some extent, the members’ interest is the company’s interest. Thus, refusing to pay dividends to members is a breach of duty that contravenes the Corporations Act. Therefore, Susan can appeal to the court to have it grant  an injunction against the directors of Rich Pty Ltd. In other words, mandatorily require the board to pay dividends to the shareholders and provide sufficient information to the members. Additionally, the statutory right allows members of a company to seek to inspect the books of the company if they believe that insufficient information are given by directors. However, there are some certain circumstances that failing to pay dividends does not contravene the Corporations Act. For instance, chasing higher profits for the company or suffering a financial crisis. (4) Conclusion All in all, the fact that the board of Rich Pty Ltd contravenes the Corporations Act will result in certain consequences, these may include: fine, disqualification order, injunction etc. Speaking of Susan, she may receive the amount of dividends attached to her shares as compensation. Nevertheless, if the directors acted in a good faith or say for the sake of the company, then the board only needs to provide relevant information and explain why they refuse to pay dividends. Question 3 Section 249H states that, as unlisted companies, the minimum period of notice are 21 days. The notice period can be reduced by agreement of members holding at least 95% of the votes that maybe cast at the.1 In this case, John, Sam only hold 72% of the shares, they do not have the authority to reduce the period. For listed companies, S249HA of the Corporations Act prescribes a minimum notice period of 28 days. The minimum 28 days notice period required for a listed company cannot be shortened by member/shareholder approval.2 At this moment, Mark should check when they gave him the notice. If it was given less than 21 /28 days before the general meeting, the meeting can be treated as procedural irregularities. Under this situation, section 1322(2) says if the court is opinion of the irregularities has caused, or may cause substantial injustice that cannot be remedied by any order of the court and the court makes an order declaring the proceeding to be invalid. 249S allows that a company to hold a meeting of its members in two or more venues â€Å"using any technology that gives the members as a whole a reasonable opportunity to participate†3. In this case, Mark was unable to reserve a flight from Darwin to Brisbane but he can  attend the meeting by using telephone or video conferencing facilities. In order to get the full answer of question 3, we trace for the origin knowledge back to the textbook, which shows restrictions on members ‘decision making power. It includes: 1. Equitable limitation 2. Special procedural requirements (e.g. reduction of capital) 3. Corporations Act and Listing rules prevented interested members from voting 4. Statutory provisions protecting the minority 5. Member’s personal rights 6. Limit on powers of majority to ratify breaches of dirs duties. We pay the attention to special procedural requirements in restrictions on members’ decision-making power. In this part, we know that majority member can remove directors. However, special procedures exists, include special notice must be given to company 2 months before. In this case, it does not mention the special notice, so Mark could argue it. Another key ingredient is limit on powers of majority to ratify breaches of directors’ duties. Majority cannot ratify dirs breach of duty if: – it is oppressive – the result is to prejudice creditors because coy is insolvent when ratification took place – breach of equitable limitation – results in a personal right of member being eliminated Majority cannot ratify director’s breach of duty if it is oppressive. In this case, we know that the relationship between Mark and his cousins broke down. Mark could claim that there is oppression then try to invalid this meeting. Finally, board of directors can delegate certain tasks to committees, a single director, an employee or another person unless constitution prevents it. Although Mark cannot book a flight at the week before Easter, he could do it in this way. Reference: Corporations Act. (2001). s. 125. Retrieved from http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol act/ca2001172/ Hanrahan, P., I Ramsay, G Stapledon, (2014). Commercial Applications of Company Law, 15th Edition, CCH Australia.

Best High School Experience Essay

My best high school experience would be graduating. Me graduation was the highlight of my teenage life. I was happy to be leaving high school and beginning a new chapter in my life. I was excited to step into adulthood and be independent. Of course I mentally prepared myself for what was to come and I was more than prepared for all the challenges I would face with being on my own and starting college. This would be my first year in college and I can say that everything has been going pretty good. There has been some up and downs along this new journey of mine, but I really can’t complain. I am on the road to success and I know my parents couldn’t be any happier. I hope to someday accomplish my dream of becoming a pediatrician and working with children. I feel proud of myself for coming this for and I’m glad to say that this is just the beginning. All of this wouldn’t have been possible if I wouldn’t have graduated high school so graduating high scho ol is by far my best experience.

The Role of Gender

The Role of Gender Free Online Research Papers Whom do you see when you look in the mirror? I do not know about you , but I am sure about myself. I am a woman in my body and soul. I never thought deeply about gender role before writing this essay. After reading few essays, I am sure,we need harmony in our lives which is a balance of all elements that present us as a whole. Once the individual is liberated from a confined gender role , he gets more freedom to understand who he is and chooses whom who he wants to be. This freedom of his choice ultimately leads him to a harmonious and a balanced life. Since harmony leads to happiness , then society starts to consist of satisfied individuals, instead of disturbed ones. That is why both male and female look for a partner that can bring this harmony into their relationship. In Becoming Members of Society : Learning the Social Meaning of Gender , Aaron H. Devor explains differences between gender and sexuality. Gender is typically based on anatomical differences between men and women, but does not necessarily match with them. Gender role â€Å" may be changed without changes being made to biological sex characteristics† . Gender is socially and culturally determined; it is not biologically determined. Gender roles can influence all kinds of behavior, such as choice of clothing, choice of work and personal relationships; for example , parental roles. Everyone since childhood absorbs â€Å"the generalized standards of society into their personal concept of what is correct behavior† . â€Å"History shows us how completely our gender derives from cultural myths about what is proper for men and women to think , enjoy , and do.† Howe ver, during childhood and adolescence, gender identities which differ from the norm are often the cause of ridicule, mockery , and banishment, which often results in psychological problems. Some are able to camouflage their differences, but others cannot. Even though people have become more tolerant, there are still some who are not willing to except things out of the norm which is why the society has not gained the balance it needs. I agree with Aaron H. Devor who writes : â€Å"As children, and later adults,learn the rules of membership in society, they come to see themselves in terms they have learned from the people around them.† I am not an exception from them who â€Å" learn their culture’s social definitions of gender and gender identity at the same time that they learn what gender behaviors are appropriate for them† . I grew up in the USSR where article 35 of the Soviet Constitution clearly stated that women and men have equal rights and possess equal access to education and training, employment, promotions, and remuneration and to participation in social, political, and cultural activity. My mother and I , as most married women in the Soviet Union , worked outside the home in addition to fulfilling their roles of wife, mother, and homemaker. As in other industrialize d countries, Soviet women had difficulty adjusting the demands of career and home. At home, Soviet women spent more than twice as much time on housework as men. Finally, the idea of Clara Zetkin and Eleanor Marx who â€Å" were against the demonization of men and supported a proletarian revolution that would overcome as many male-female inequalities as possible† has led to women to exhibit masculine characteristics , to the ideal of the Soviet woman who will stop a galloping stallion, will enter a burning house(N.A.Nekrasov from poem â€Å"Russian Women†).Women became courageous, aggressive, heroic, bold who did not need protection and helping from men. Is it bad or good? Maybe for society , it is good because educated and strong women would be useful for its economy. For the individuals, I do not know. However, I miss Bunin’s , Pushkin’s, Tolstoiâ €™s woman who is feminina, affectionate, and tender. So, for the most part, Soviet women lost the many qualities of being feminine. â€Å" The clusters of social definitions to identify persons by gender are collectively known as femininity and masculinity† . What are femininity and masculinity ? Basically, it is not a difficult question for anyone because we are adults who have our own meaning about these words. According to Devor , every gender role has his own characteristics : â€Å" masculinity usually characterized by dominance and aggression, and femininity by passivity and submissionâ€Å"; â€Å"masculine thirst for power, which can, but need not, lead to aggression, and the feminine quest for harmony and communal well-being, which can, but need not , result in passivity and dependence.† . I think that this statement gives us a point of view about our natural roots which we all have. Devor writes that the dominant gender schema in North American society â€Å" leads us to believe that female and male behaviors are the result of socially directed hormonal instructions which specify that females will want to have children and will therefore find themselves relatively helpless and dependent on males for support and protection† . What does the dominant gender schema mean ? This cultural schema is a matrix of rules which govern the organization of sex, gender, and sexuality. In outline, those rules teach members of their societies to believe that sex, gender, and sexuality interact in a dichotomized and biologically deterministic fashion. Thus, according to the dictates of the dominant gender schema, all persons can belong to one, and only one, sex throughout their entire lifetimes, and all persons automatically and permanently belong to their corresponding genders. (from Devor,H. (1997).†Female Gender Dysphoria : Personal Problem or Social Problem?†) If liberation in Western society gives all people freedom for making choice of their gender role, how do these rules work? How is it possible to choose between both gender roles when the individual is multifarious? â€Å" It is possible to point to multitudinous exceptions to, and variations on, these themes† . For example, nowadays we have a lot of new words which characterize uncounted gender roles and whose definitions I do not understand well. There are Transgender, Transsexual, Crossdresser, Gender Queer, Intersex, Two Spirit, , Kathoey, Drag King, Drag Queen, Queer, Lesbian, Gay, Straight, Butch, Femme, Faerie, Homosexual, Bisexual, Heterosexual . When Devor uses the term gender, he refers to persons social statuses as women, girls, men, boys, or variously transgendered. In contemporary North American societies, genders are generally assumed to be direct social demonstration of persons sexes. However, when Devor uses the term gender, he does not share that assumption. Rather, when Devor calls people women, men or transgendered , he assumes only that they demonstrate enough femininity or masculinity to make them recognizable as women, men or transgendered. Devor does not assume anything about their sexes without further information (from How Many Sexes? How Many Genders? When Two Are Not Enough, 3rd Western Canadian Sexual Health Conference, Edmonton, Alta, May, 1998.). So, everyone in Western society has to choose his own gender role because we have many options to choose from in order to retain balance in ourselves. Now we have many versions of gender role, but this variability is not understandable for me because I grew up and matured in society where the individual had to choose only one from two gender roles : â€Å" All persons are either male or female. All males are first boys and then men; all females are first girls and then women† . But I understand other people and I am sure that every individual should have his own choice of his own gender role. Our world does not have only white and black colors, it is multicolored. Everyone should find harmony and balance inside himself because it is one of the part of our happiness. And I am sure that after he will find his own life’s partner , who will complete him as whole. So, it is good for the individual. I am sure, if the every person , who has found his own balance , becomes more pol ite and patient to others’ choices , our society will become more harmonious. So, it is good for society. Certainly, gender revolution gives us liberation from binary and permanent vision of gender. For example woman’s revolution leads to â€Å"equality between the sexes†¦.But we need to recognize that there have been both gains and losses in this revolution† . I think, this equality leads to wipe off the definition of gender at all. I very often hear a word, that is new to me- unisex which means gender-blind. But I do not like that. I like to be a Woman who needs a Man . For me, dependence on a man is not a bad thing because it is not submission or worship. I like to evoke the romantic feeling and to be ladylike in mans’ eyes . I do not want to be â€Å" strong and aggressive- like men† . I think that the woman’s power is in her weakness. But it is my choice . Certainly, women’s revolution brings bear on s ociety and , as a result ,† a woman today has the choice of every occupation that used to be reserved for men , plus traditional women’s role.† It is not too bad. On one hand, an educated and strong woman should be useful for society, its progress and evolution. But on the other hand, now feminists go too far and as a result I see men’s discrimination. I know some examples: women may get marred at younger ages than men in Ukraine and some U.S. states ;men pay higher premiums for auto, health, life and disability insurance. I think that for balance in our life we need equal opposing forces as a result after the fight at both antipodes. If a woman chooses masculinity, what kind of partner will give her a balanced relationship? What kind of a partner completes a strong and a manlike woman for balance? Someone gives an ansver : we need to go back to nature . Basically, I agree with Mansfield completely , when I read his words: â€Å"For the most part, men will always have more manliness than women have, and it is up to both sexes to fashion this fact into something good† . But I think, we should find harmony and balance in our life, but first everyone should find his own equanimity and understand himself. Then , when you look in the mirror , you will know who you are. References 1.Alexes de Tocqueville,† How the Americans Understand the Equality of the Sexes â€Å". From Colombo ,G., Cullen, R., Lisie B.Rereading America. Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s , Boston, New York. Seven Edition.2007, p. 376-380. 2.Bebel, August, Woman under Socialism (University Press of the Pacific, 2004), 3.Colombo ,G., Cullen, R., Lisie B.Rereading America. Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s , Boston, New York. Seven Edition.2007. 4.Devor , Aaron H.,† Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender.† From Gender Blending : Confronting the Limits of Duality by Holly 5.Devor. Copyringht 1998 by Indiana University Press. Mansfield, Harvey. â€Å" The Manliness of Men.† From Manliness by Mansfield, Harvey .2003 Originally published in The American Enterprise,2003. 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